2023-01-10 12:05
There are a variety of certification courses that an instrumentation engineer can take to improve their career. Here are a few options:Certified Control Systems Technician (CCST) - offered b… Read More
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Its a blog for Instrumentation Engineering Students which will provide sources for their reference and studies.
2023-01-10 11:49
Are these your questions in mind??"Navigating Your Career as an Instrumentation Engineer: Opportunities and Strategies for Success"or"From Construction to Control: Charting a Succ… Read More
2020-05-03 15:49
Very often it is necessary to measure the amount of solids suspended in fluids. In this case the turbidity is measured as the function of the amount of suspensions in fluids. Fig. 7.10… Read More
2020-05-03 15:16
Another type of a gas detector is widely used not only in the gas chromatography, but as a separate gas analyser as well. At present it is the most sensitive gas detector used in gas chromat… Read More
2020-05-03 15:15
One of the simplest and earliest method for measurement of composition of binary gas mixtures is a method which uses thermal conductivity properties of gases. By passing the gas to be analys… Read More
2019-04-04 13:47
Acids and bases are significant in food and chemical industries, water and sewage treatment, biology, medicine, etc. Therefore, we need to be able to measure concentration and strength of ac… Read More
2019-04-04 09:24
An operational principle of electrolytic conductivity meters is based on the relationship between electrical conductivity and concentration of solutions.The ability to conduct electricity is… Read More
2019-03-05 13:40
As early as 1903-1906 a Russian botanist Mikhail Tsvet (Lecturer in the Warsaw University) performed experiments trying to separate pigments of plants. Using a solvent, petroleum ether, he w… Read More
2019-03-05 13:06
With instrumentation used for analytical measurements in process environment we are able to define the content of chemical streams. So we can control the composition of intermediate and fina… Read More
2019-02-19 10:00
This method is based on the relationship between the flowrate of the stream and the velocity of ultrasound introduced in this stream. There are several modifications of this method, such as… Read More
2019-02-19 09:29
These flowmeters refer to velocity measurement devices, since the action (rotation) of their measuring element (turbine) is proportional to stream velocity, which, in its turn, is proportion… Read More
2019-02-19 09:15
There is another modification of the variable differential pressure technique for flowrate measurements. This technique employs a Venturi flow nozzle, which is shown schematically in Fi… Read More
2019-02-16 13:50
This type of device (see Figure 6.3) consists of a vertical tapered tube 1 (usually made of a glass or other transparent material) and a rotor 2 (or a float), usually made of a metal (alumin… Read More
2019-02-12 13:30
This method is based in the phenomenon that a stream of fluid (liquid, gas or vapour) when passing through the restriction or primary device (orifice plate, Venturi plate, flow nozzle, etc.)… Read More
2016-10-11 15:53
Flowrate measurements are important in control of chemical processes. Having measured flowrates of gases, liquids or vapours it is possible to evaluate mass balance of the process. Flowrate… Read More
2016-09-16 22:43
Float actuated devices measure liquid level using a float, which lies on the surface of the liquid and changes its position as the liquid level varies. Fig. 5.1 presents a schematic view of… Read More
2016-09-16 22:35
This method is based on the application of the Archimedes' principle: every body immersed in the liquid or gas is exposed to the action of a buoyant force (sometimes called as the Archimedes… Read More
2016-09-16 22:28
The principle of this method is based on the measurement a hydrostatic pressure, caused by a liquid head, proportional to the level of liquid. There are several modifications of this method… Read More
2016-09-16 22:22
Due to the difference in the dielectric constants of air and liquids, it is possible to measure level of liquids in tanks by measuring the change in the capacitance (measured between two coa… Read More
2016-09-16 22:13
These instruments are used when there is a necessity of liquid control at one specific point or between maximum and minimum values. Their principle is based on the measurements of electrolyt… Read More
2016-09-16 22:10
The operational principle of these devices is based on the phenomenon of reflection of ultrasound waves from the phase boundary separating liquid and gas. In different media the speed of sou… Read More
2016-09-16 22:07
The phenomenon of reducing the intensity of gamma radiation when passing through liquids or solids is used in nucleonic devices for measurement of level of liquids and solids. Fig. 5.16 pres… Read More
2013-12-21 13:40
An accurate level measurement is crucial for the evaluation of the quantity of materials, phase boundaries, etc. in storage and processing vessels (tanks, wells, reservoirs, columns, etc.)… Read More
2013-05-22 13:08
Temperature is a physical quantity that is a measure of hotness and coldness on a numerical scale. It is a measure of the thermal energy per particle of matter or radiati… Read More
2013-05-20 21:28
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. It is usually more convenient to use pressure rather than force to describe the influences upon fluid behavior. The standard unit for pressure is… Read More
2013-05-07 19:11
Fig. 14 presents a transducer for sensing and transmitting differential pressure. Pressures to be measured act on isolating diaphragms 1 and 2 and are transmitted through a silicone oil 3, w… Read More
2013-05-03 21:42
The principle of these pressure transducers is based on the well-known phenomenon, that when an asymmetrical crystal is elastically deformed along its specific axes, an electrical charge is… Read More
2013-04-26 10:14
These are the most accurate pressure gages, so they are used mostly for calibration of other pressure gages or for measurements, when high accuracy is required (for scientific purposes). The… Read More
2013-03-11 17:53
1. Bourdon gaugeThe most widely used in industry for pressure and vacuum measurements (from 20 kPa to 1000 MPa) is a pressure gauge with sensitive element made of a metallic (various stainle… Read More
2013-03-06 19:29
These manometers are used for measurement of gauge pressures (up to 0.1 MPa), vacuumetric pressures (down to 0.1 MPa below atmospheric pressure) and for differential pressures of liquids and… Read More
2012-09-27 16:44
Among many process variables pressure is that parameter which is critical for safe and optimum operation in hydraulic equipment, separating processes (such as filtration, distillation, etc.)… Read More
2012-09-26 16:06
Pyrometer is a device which uses the relationship between the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body and the temperature of this body. In order to better understand the phenomenon which… Read More
2012-09-26 15:46
If semiconductors or heat-treated metallic oxides (oxides of cobalt, copper, iron, tin, titanium, etc.) are used as the materials for producing temperature sensitive elements, then these tem… Read More
2012-08-03 17:21
The principle of resistance temperature detectors (RTD) is based on the variation of electrical resistance of metals with temperature. For this purpose several metals are used, namely, plati… Read More
2012-07-21 14:31
Seebeck in 1821 discovered that thermal electromotive force (t.e.m.f.) is generated in a closed circuit of two wires made of dissimilar metals if two junction are at different temperatures… Read More
2012-07-19 19:03
Another class of thermometers that utilise the principle of expansion of substances with temperature is called filled thermalsystems. Depending on the phase of the substance, which fills the… Read More
2012-07-15 19:46
Its a derivation part which is a continuation of the previous two post. Here the dynamic characteristics of liquid-in-glass thermometer by considering the thermal capacitance of glass… Read More
2012-07-15 18:59
This post describes the dynamic characteristics of liquid-in-glass thermometer which contains a derivation part using the heat energy balance equation.Its the continuation of the previous po… Read More
2012-07-15 18:11
These thermometers are used for temperature measurements from -200 to 750 °C. They are contact-type thermometers. Fig. 1 shows the principle of their design.Figure 1.: Liquid-in-gl… Read More
2012-07-11 10:47
Temperature is one of the major physical parameter, which characterises the condition of substances involved in processes. In order to measure this parameter we need to choose an appropriate… Read More
2012-07-09 19:01
1. Various control loops for continuous stirred tank reactorFigure: Control loop configuration for the CSTR.Figure: Control loop configuration for the CSTR.Figure: Control loop configu… Read More
2012-07-09 18:50
The different control loop configurations for different process variables are given below.Its just the simplest configurations used in control systems.1. Level control.Figure: On-off level c… Read More
2012-07-09 07:07
For Chemical Engineers involved in either design or production activity, it is necessary to be able to distinguish various types of field and indoor instrumentation and control systems used… Read More
2012-03-21 17:29
As we mentioned above, the more accurate a measuring instrument can measure the value of a process variable the more accurate a control system can control this variable. As a result, we can… Read More
2012-03-19 13:15
All physical systems can be categorized in terms of types of energy used in it. Let’s consider the most common of them: electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic and thermal (see Figu… Read More
2012-03-17 11:36
A successful operation of chemical plants depends on the following requirements - safety, production specifications, environmental regulations, operational constraints, and economical. There… Read More
2012-03-14 11:24
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF LEVEL MEASURING SYSTEMS:Here below is a table showing the comparison of different level measuring systems I have posted before. The table gives the advantages and… Read More
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