Introduction to the work and its composer Dan Forrest

My first experience with a Forrest composition/arrangement came in 2014 when my choir, the Cherry Creek Chorale in the Denver area, performed one of his early Christmas arrangements. I was so taken with its brass accompaniment and the harmonies Forrest used that I took note of his name and also of the publisher: SoundForth, which I recognized as being the imprint of the university from which I graduated, Bob Jones. Interest thus piqued, I looked him up on Wikipedia, where I found out a bit about his distinguished career. He’s now much in demand as a composer, arranger, conductor, speaker and clinician and has left full-time teaching so that he can devote more time to his own writing.

In the years since that initial performance my choir has sung a number of Forrest pieces, including two that we used as concert closers and both of which, I believe, were sung “in the round.” While choir members don’t necessarily like performing this way as it’s hard to stay together and on pitch, audiences love it. “Oread Farewell” and “Good Night, Dear Heart” are particularly suited to this treatment; “Oread” was used as the final piece in our last concert of that season, and when I researched its background I discovered that Forrest had originally been commissioned to write a piece that could be used as a farewell for concerts by the choral department at the University of Kansas, where he earned his doctorate in composition. (Puzzled about the Meaning of “oread”? Be sure to read this post.) One major multi-part Forrest piece we’ve performed is his Three Nocturnes, settings of three American poems about night, stars, and the heavens in general, which formed the centerpiece of a concert titled “Starry, Starry Night.” Such charming and delightful music! We loved it.

I’ve not yet had the privilege of singing in a choral performance of “LUX,” but I’m on Forrest’s mailing list and received word in early 2022 that he was forming a choir consortium to participate in a new voicing of the piece for SSAA parts. This type of artistic sponsorship seems to have become more popular over the past few years. Composers who have a network of contacts and have achieved a certain level of popularity and success can let it be known that they have a work available for participants. Terms vary widely, of course. My own choir has been privileged to participate in two recent choir consortia, and when I use the word “privileged” I mean that very sincerely. For both of these occasions our group was able to interact personally with the composers.

The original 2017 setting of LUX was for SATB voicing and was not commissioned by a consortium but by Gordon and Sarah Herring, long-time supporters of the Greenville Chorale in South Carolina, the organization that premiered the work. You can see just from this brief history of how LUX came to be that the commissioning process is quite varied. Here’s an article I’ve written previously that outlines at least some of the pathways to sponsoring musical creations: “How does this whole commissioning process work?”

I’ve not been able to find any specific information on how the Herrings decided to pursue this commission. As for the work itself, its texts are a mix, with Scripture, ancient hymns, and modern poetry. Here’s what Forrest says on his website about the arc of ideas he assembled:

As a whole, the five movements trace a symmetrical journey through time–from ancient prophecy, to today (“even after all this time”), and then back again; or from another perspective, from a day’s dawn, through the sun’s high point in the sky, and then to the setting of the sun on the horizon at the end of day.

Note that Forrest makes it clear that he chose the texts himself, something that wouldn’t have happened had he been writing in the sacred liturgical tradition any time before, say, 1870. Bach, Mozart or Verdi, for instance, sitting down to write a Roman Catholic Mass, would have had the texts already to hand. (Bach’s B Minor Mass is indeed Roman Catholic even though he himself was a Protestant. There’s a fascinating story behind that composition which I can’t get into now.) On the one hand those composers were relieved of the responsibility of finding texts; on the other hand they were limited by them. One very positive aspect of writing this type of music set to predetermined texts would have been that the composer had a built-in performance venue, especially if he were writing as an employee of a specific church. He might even get to direct his own composition using the church choir. All very cozy!

The situation is very different today, of course, with most composers choosing their own texts, having them written specifically for them, or writing the texts themselves. It would be interesting to find out what process Forrest went through as he chose the lyrics for LUX. All of the Christian texts he uses in the work have at least a tenuous connection to Christmas. But the central text in part III is a poem by the modern writer Daniel Ladinsky, a Muslim who writes in the style of ancient Persia. So interesting!

Although I haven’t been able to interview Forrest directly about his textual analyses, I was able to find a couple of sources that do include ideas on that subject. First, here’s an interview with him conducted by the sheet music company J. W. Pepper in which he talks about how he decided to become a composer/arranger instead of a piano performer, with a fairly extensive section about how he decides on texts. This interview was recorded in 2016, so well before his composition of LUX:

And here’s what the conductor of the Greenville Chorale had to say about how Forrest works through textual choices:

Conductor Bingham Vick Jr. says “Lux,” meaning “light,” should be completed in July. Preliminary viewings of the texts Forrest is working with indicate the composition, which is for chorale, vocal soloists, and orchestra, will have broader appeal and not be limited to a specific time in the religious calendar, Vick says. “He takes a lot of time to consider and digest the text before he gets into the music,” Vick says of Forrest’s process. (“New Composition by Dan Forrest highlight of Greenville Chorale ’17-’18 season“)

I ran across this picture on the Greenville Chorale’s Facebook page, which I’m using to close out this introductory section:

The caption, dated October 2017, reads: “Sarah and Gordon Herring hearing Lux for the first time, while Dan Forrest edits at the piano. — with Gordon Herring and Sarah Herring at Harper Hall, Daniel Music Building, Furman University.” Isn’t this a fascinating little glimpse into the interplay between the commissioners and the . . . commissionee? I wonder what was going through everyone’s heads during this session. I have to say that the Herrings look pleased, as well they should. LUX is a truly remarkable piece.

So now let’s turn to the texts. As I always try to make clear, my commentaries focus almost exclusively on the words, their meaning and background, as I’m not in any way qualified to do musical analysis. My hope in writing this material is that a clearer and deeper understanding of the texts will enhance the understanding that you bring to the performance, whether as a singer, instrumentalist, or member of the audience.

Part I: “Illuminare”

Per viscera misericordiae Dei nostri in quibus visitavit nos oriens ex alto illuminare his qui in tenebris et in umbra mortis sedent ad dirigendos pedes nostros in viam pacis. Lux ex alto, veni nos illuminare.	By the tender mercy Of our God who has delivered Our dayspring from on high, Illuminate us who are in darkness And in the shadow of death sit And direct our steps in the way of peace. Light from on high, come illuminate us.
adapted from Luke 1:78-79
Lux de luce apparuisti Christe, cui Magi munera offerunt, Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia.	Light from light you appeared, Christ, Whom the Magi munificent gifts offered. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia.
Antiphon for Epiphany, 14th c.	Trans. Debi Simons

I want to start out with the second word “viscera,” because it’s such an interesting word and because I can expound upon the fascinating ways that we moderns tend to sanitize the wording of ancient texts. Have you ever said, “I had a visceral reaction to the news”? What you meant was, “I felt it in my gut.” Think about how many expressions we use that are rooted in our physical reactions to outward events: “My stomach is tied up in knots,” or “I’m just sick about it” or “I don’t feel good about doing that.” The fact of the matter is that our physical selves are never totally divorced from our mental or physical ones.

So, although I used the words “tender mercy” in the above translation for the phrase “viscera misericordiae,” it would be better if I used the old King James version’s terms: “bowels of mercy.” That usage sounds totally weird to our modern ears but is very common in biblical language; I think my favorite usage.of this intestinal imagery comes in the first book of the Bible, Genesis, in the story of Joseph and his brothers. Joseph has been sold into slavery because of a plot by those very same jealous brothers, has risen to the rank of vizier, second in command only to Pharaoh, and has pressed Egypt to stockpile grain for a coming famine. Now his brothers have come to the court, being sent by their father to get food. Joseph knows his brothers, but they don’t know him in his fancy robes and wig. When Joseph sees his younger brother Benjamin with them he’s overcome with emotion:

And Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother: and he sought where to weep; and he entered into his chamber, and wept there. (43:30)

Can’t you just see Joseph rushing out from his brothers’ presence, holding his hand over his mouth to keep himself from sobbing aloud until he can get somewhere private? And that same intensity of emotion is applied in this text to God, who indeed “yearns” after us and is tender towards us.

We moderns may have moved away from associating our bowels with our emotions, but we still use the word “heart” to mean our emotions even though we know perfectly well that the actual physical heart is a blood-circulation pump. Perhaps there will come a day when to talk of a “broken heart” seems as strange to us as to talk of our “bowels of mercy.”*

I must hasten on here, as we haven’t even gotten past the first line. Before going on to the second one, though, I want to look at the word “misericordiae.” If you’re anything like me and therefore not much of a Latin scholar, you may have thought that the word must have some connection to the word “misery.” When I took a look at a couple of online dictionaries I found that the two words are indeed related. You pray for mercy when you are in misery, as it were. God’s mercies are very much needed in that situation.

And how has that mercy been bestowed? By the coming of Christ, the dawn or “dayspring,” that latter being a lovely and archaic word that’s used only twice in the Bible and means “dawn.” Not to belabor the point, but the word makes sense, doesn’t it? The light of the new day “springs” from the horizon.

Let me do a little Latinsplaining here about “oriens” and “alto.” You can see “the Orient” or “Oriental” in “oriens,” referring to the countries in what are called “the East.” Okay, that makes sense. But what about “alto”? To me that word refers to a lower woman’s voice; why is it being translated above as “on high”? Ah, there’s quite a bit of explanation to be found about this word, but I’ll limit myself to saying that “alto” may refer to a low woman’s voice but it also refers to the highest male voice, today usually called a “countertenor.” Also, the Latin root is “altus,” clearly referring to “altitude.”

And now we’re ready to march on to the next three lines. There are two active verbs: “illuminate” and “direct.” These verbs come as requests to God. There’s one inactive verb: “sit,” which describes those who are in darkness. God is being asked to do something for those who cannot or will not do anything for themselves as they remain where they are. And did you recognize the phrase “shadow of death”? It’s an echo of Psalm 23: “Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me.” (KJV)

Forrest himself has apparently added the final line in this section: “Lux ex alto, veni nos illuminare,” as it does not appear in the original biblical text nor in any liturgical forms. I’m assuming that he wanted to get in a specific request for God to send light before leaving these lines. And then he marries the text from the Gospel of Luke with an ancient hymn, an “antiphon for epiphany.” The hymn is called an “antiphon” because originally there would be multiple choirs singing for a Roman Catholic mass, and they’d sometimes trade verses and refrains back and forth between or among them, thus producing an “antiphonal” effect.

The first line of this antiphon echoes ideas from the Nicene Creed, one of the oldest surviving statements of Christian doctrine, about the identity of Christ:

God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God.

But this specific antiphon is tied to the Feast of Epiphany, usually celebrated on January 6, the twelfth day after Christmas, December 25. (You don’t count Christmas Day as one of the days, but you do count Jan. 6. I always find this inclusive vs. exclusive counting to be very confusing.) This date is traditionally seen as when the Magi, the Wise Men, or the Three Kings, arrived in Bethlehem to worship the Christ child. There is almost no limit to the flood of information available about the data in the preceding sentence. If you’d like to read more that I’ve written about this subject you can follow this link: “Who Were the Magi?” Here I’ll just say that the arrival of these mysterious men and their offering of gifts rich in symbolism—gold, frankincense, and myrrh—constitute the “epiphany,” or “revelation,” of the Christ child’s identity. (The word comes from the Greek ἐπιφάνεια, epipháneia, meaning manifestation or appearance.) Nowadays, as a further example of how we moderns have lost touch with the profound meaning of ancient words, we use it almost solely to mean “a sudden idea or flash of insight,” as in “I just had an epiphany about how we could design the curtains at that window.”

The movement ends with a three-fold repetition of the word “alleluia,” which can also be spelled “hallelujah.” Wikipedia has this to say about the derivation and meaning of that word:

Hallelujah is a transliteration of the Hebrew phrase הַלְלוּ יָהּ‎ (halelū yāh), which means “praise ye Jah!” (from הַלְלוּ‎, “praise ye!” and יָהּ‎, “Jah”.) The word hallel in Hebrew means a joyous praise in song. The second part, Yah, is a shortened form of YHWH (Yahweh or Jehovah in modern English).

Here’s a video of this individual section:

*I can’t resist also mentioning the word “reins,” used a few times in the KJV, which refers to our kidneys. Have you ever heard the expression “a man of his kidney”? Well, maybe not. This term, interestingly, has been used much more recently than the “bowel” reference. I will quote here from the 1935 novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy Sayers, in which the heroine Harriet Vane ponders how to get in touch with Lord Peter Wimsey about mysterious happenings at Oxford:

She would readily have contracted obligations to the devil himself if she had been sure that the prince of darkness was a gentleman of Peter’s kidney.

Part II: Lux in Tenebris

Lux fulgebit hodie super nos,	Light will shine radiantly today on us,
quia natus est nobis Dominus.	for born unto us is the Lord.
(Introit for Christmas Dawn, 10th c.)
Lux in tenebris lucet	The light in darkness has shown,
et tenebrae eam non superaverunt.	and the darkness has not overcome or understood it.
John 1:5	Trans. Debi Simons

Such a splendid pairing of texts for this section! I did not know what “Christmas Dawn” mass referred to when I first saw those words. (The “introit” or “entrance” is the introductory section of the service when the officiants typically form a procession into the sanctuary.) If someone had asked me what traditional masses were held in Roman Catholic churches to celebrate Christmas, I’d have said that there was one at midnight on Christmas Eve, and indeed there is, but there’s also one at dawn from which Forrest took this text and then one after the day has fully come. The three services are known as the angels’ mass, celebrating the announcement of the actual birth of Christ, traditionally said to have taken place at midnight, then the shepherds’ mass, portraying their arrival to the manger at dawn, and then the Three Kings’ mass, after the full light of day has come. (Did you read my post that I linked to in the previous section about these men? If not, do so! They’re fascinating. And if you’d like some further info about the shepherds and the manger, I’d suggest that you read this post.)

The biblical narrative supports the idea of the shepherds’ knowledge that “born unto us is the Lord.” They had just been through quite a dramatic experience, sitting out in the night fields when suddenly “the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid.” Well, I would think so! The angel told them “Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord.” And so the shepherds said, as soon as the angel and accompanying heavenly host departed, “Let us now go even unto Bethlehem, and see this thing which is come to pass, which the Lord hath made known unto us.” No time to be wasted! “And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger.”* (Luke 2 KJV)

May I point out a couple of cool Latin words before we go on to the next section? First, “fulgebit.” You may have noticed that I added the word “radiantly” to the translation, and I did so because of the English word “effulgent,” which is derived from the Latin. If you say “his face was effulgent with joy,” you’re saying something much more descriptive than just the word “shone.” And “hodie”–oh my. How many times have you sung that word if you’ve ever performed traditional Christmas music in Latin? It means simply “this day” and doesn’t have anything to do with the clothing item known as a hoodie. (Although, as I’ve pointed out before, hooded monks have probably sung this word many times over the centuries: “Does ‘personant hodie‘ have anything to do with persons wearing hoodies?“)

Now let’s turn to the paired scriptural passage, from the Gospel of John. The first five verses at the beginning of John can be seen as the Christian message in miniature: Christ is presented as co-equal with God the Father (“and the Word was with God, and the Word was God”) and as being the light of that message: (“In him was life; and the life was the light of men.”) Now we get to the verse quoted in this section of LUX, and I’ve somewhat expanded on this translation also. Almost all more modern translations have something along the lines of “and the darkness could not put out that light.” But no—the most literal word-for-word translation, Young’s Literal Translation, says, “and the darkness did not perceive it.” Another alternate translation says, “and the darkness has not understood it.” So it’s not just that the light can’t be put out; it’s that the darkness of sin and death cannot even understand the light and its source. Putting both of these ideas together adds to the richness of the ideas.

Now that you’ve plowed through the commentary, here’s your reward: a performance of the real thing, by the same group as in Part I:

*What example concerning correct comma usage can be garnered from Luke 2:16?

The King James Version reads: “And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger.” But if you put a comma after “babe,” then all three of them end up in that very crowded manger.

Betcha didn’t realize that!

Part III: “The Sun Never Says”

Even
After
All this time,
The sun never says to the earth,

“You owe
Me.”

Look
What happens
With a love like that,
It lights the
Whole
Sky.

Daniel Ladinsky, from The Gift, © 1999

If I were asked what one word sums up this poem, I’d say “grace.” The sun never asks for repayment; it just shines, pouring out its light freely. I was reminded of a passage from the Sermon on the Mount in the Christian New Testament, in which Jesus says:

You’re familiar with the old written law, ‘Love your friend,’ and its unwritten companion, ‘Hate your enemy.’ I’m challenging that. I’m telling you to love your enemies. Let them bring out the best in you, not the worst. When someone gives you a hard time, respond with the supple moves of prayer, for then you are working out of your true selves, your God-created selves. This is what God does. He gives his best—the sun to warm and the rain to nourish—to everyone, regardless: the good and bad, the nice and nasty. If all you do is love the lovable, do you expect a bonus? Anybody can do that. If you simply say hello to those who greet you, do you expect a medal? Any run-of-the-mill sinner does that. (Matthew 5:43-47 The Message, emphasis mine)

We often say that someone “deserves some grace” when we’re talking about the forgiveness of a slight, but in reality grace is by its very nature undeserved. If it’s not given freely, without any hope of recompense, it’s not true grace. Here’s the chorus of an old Gospel hymn that I’ve sung many times:

Grace, grace, God’s grace,
Grace that will pardon and cleanse within.
Grace, grace, God’s grace,
Grace that is greater than all our sin.

And here’s one of many performances online of this section of the larger work–I chose it because it is so anchored in the time of the pandemic, showing that we don’t have to be at the mercy of untoward events:

NOTE: I find it to be so arresting that, while LUX is as is a whole a profoundly Christian work, its centerpiece is a poem from an avowed Sufi Muslim writer, Daniel Ladinsky. (Ladinsky is sometimes categorized as a secular poet and this particular text as a secular love poem, but that’s not really true.) Forrest has given credit, quite rightly, to this modern American-born man as the author. Controversy has swirled around Ladinsky’s original claim that he was merely “translating” or “rendering” into English the poems of Hafez, a 14th-century Persian mystic poet. As Ladinsky became more and more famous and widely read during this century, Persian scholars searched for the original Hafez poems and discovered that they didn’t exist. Ladinsky didn’t even know Farsi, the language in which Hafez wrote. He eventually said that Hafez had appeared to him in a dream and transmitted these new poems. In reality–perhaps? probably?–Ladinsky knew perfectly well what he was doing and figured that his books would sell better under the name of Hafez instead of his own. All that being said, his poems are excellent in and of themselves; he never needed to carry out any subterfuge. As one noted Persian scholar has said, “So yes, Ladinsky’s poetry is mystical. And it is great poetry. . . . So many of us wish that Ladinsky had just published his work under his own name, rather than appropriating Hafez’s.” (“Fake Hafez: How a supreme Persian poet of love was erased.“)

If you’d like to watch a video of the old Gospel hymn I mentioned above, here’s a nice Zoom version:

Part Four: Gloria in Excelsis

Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax.                                     Glory in the highest to God, and on earth peace.                    from Luke 2:14, mod. trans. Debi Simons

Forrest takes these two short phrases and weaves them into a joyful celebration. Here are answers to some questions that perhaps you have haven’t thought to ask:

Who is speaking, to whom, when, and where?

“A multitude of the heavenly host” says these words. In other words, a huge group of angels. And they appear to “shepherds abiding in the fields, keeping watch over their flocks by night.” The site is somewhere outside of Bethlehem, as we are told that it’s “in the same country,” and it’s on the same night as the birth of Christ.

How I would love to get an idea of Dan Forrest’s creative process as he chose the texts for this final section of LUX! You will notice the citation “7th c. chant, various translations” at the end of the final full verse, and I’ve enjoyed chasing down these “various translations.” ChoralWiki has been very helpful in providing the material I’m using here; I have no idea, of course, what sources Forrest used. There are some delightful and subtle meanings in this final section that only emerge with close inspection. So take a look at the first two stanzas, one in English and one in Latin. It’s clear that the first is a translation of the second, but “alme siderum” refers to more than just the stars in the night sky. You can see from my own rather ponderous word-for-word translation included in the parentheses that “alme” has a specifically favorable meaning. I used the word “propitious,” but other possible words are “nourishing” or “kind.” We use this term with its female ending “a” in the term “alma mater,” used to signify the college or university that one has attended or graduated from. The first use of the phrase with this meaning dates back to the 1600’s, and it literally means “nourishing mother.” The phrase gained its scholastic meaning from the motto of the University of Bologna, “Alma Mater Studiorum” (“nurturing mother of studies”).

Christ is seen as the creator in the first three verses, not only of the stars but also of light itself. There’s an echo here of the Christian New Testament Gospel of John: “Before anything else existed, there was Christ, with God. He has always been alive and is himself God.  He created everything there is—nothing exists that he didn’t make.  Eternal life is in him, and this life gives light to all mankind.” (John 1:1-4 TLB) But the third stanza goes back even further to the first book in the Hebrew Bible, Genesis: “And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.” (Genesis 1:3-5 KJV)

On to the fourth stanza with its Christmas/Advent connection. I was especially intrigued by the line “When the whole world drew on toward night.” I’m not sure of the exact meaning here, but the implication is that at the moment when the world was the most desperate the coming of Christ occurred. One verse that the text authors may have been echoing is Galatians 4:4: “But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman.” (KJV) Lots of ideas are packed into these four lines, with an emphasis on the Christ Child’s humble birth. He could have come as a king, the stanza says, but instead he come as a baby. Oh, and the word “mild”? This term gets used quite a bit in Christmas verse because it rhymes with “child,” but we shouldn’t think of it as just meaning “inoffensive” or “minor.” Instead, in its reference to Mary here, it means “gentle” or “pleasant.” (I’ve fulminated in an earlier post about the whole “gentle Jesus meek and mild” description; if you’re interested you can follow the link and, if not, just ignore my parenthetical comment.) 

Then Forrest chooses the stanza that brings in the glory of the Trinity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Spirit. They are to be praised for all eternity, with “laud, honor, might, and glory.” There are various shades of meaning in those four words, all of them conveying a surpassing greatness.

And there the piece ends with a repetition of the word “amen.” Oh, wait. The final line from the Ladinsky poem is also included here. I have to be honest and say that I can’t hear that line in any of the performances I’ve listened to online and that the pages in the previews available from sheet music companies don’t include have that section. As far as I can tell, all of the performances just end with the “amens.”

Okay. Here’s a performance of just Part V, one that soundly rebuts the idea that “bigger is better.” In spite of the small chorus singing and the small number of views, it is TERRIFIC:

But I can’t resist including for my overall video of the piece that biggest one out there, and it’s pretty terrific, too:

 

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