Three are the races that some scientists today accept as being the ancestors of today’s man. Many social scientists have argued that such analyses are rooted in sociopolitical and historical processes, rather than in empirical observation. Nevertheless, today the argument includes the negroids, the mongoloids and the caucasoids. A triptych used as an argument against Darwin’s theory. For others, it is just the theory of racists.

First introduced in early racial science and anthropometry, Negroid denoted one of the three purported major races of humankind. In modern craniofacial anthropometry, Negroid describes features that typify skulls of black people. These include a broad and round nasal cavity; no dam or nasal sill; Quonset hut-shaped nasal bones; notable facial projection in the jaw and mouth area (prognathism); a rectangular-shaped palate; a square or rectangular eye orbit shape;a large interorbital distance; a more undulating supraorbital ridge; and large, megadontic teeth.

According to George W. Gill and other modern forensic anthropologists, physical traits of Negroid crania are generally distinct from those of the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races. They assert that they can identify a Negroid skull with an accuracy of up to 95%. However, Alan H. Goodman cautions that this precision estimate is often based on methodologies using subsets of samples. He also argues that scientists have a professional and ethical duty, to avoid such biological analyses since they could potentially have sociopolitical effects. Although, widely used in forensic anthropology, some have also challenged the accuracy of craniofacial anthropometry vis-a-vis different human populations that have developed in close proximity to one another, and those of mixed ethnic heritage.Since the distinguishing racial traits are not set until puberty, they are also difficult to ascertain in preadolescent skulls.

The Mongoloid tribe is an important part of today’s humanity in terms of population, mainly in the region occupying all of Eastern and Central Asia, as well as much of the islands of Asia (Japan, Indonesia, Aleutian Islands, etc.) also the Eskimos. According to several scientists, the native inhabitants of the American continent, which are considered to be an autonomous trunk.The basic features are the dark, straight and rounded hair, the sparse beard and the almost hairless body. The skull is often short and broad, and appears narrow and tall only in the higher-stature populations (Chinese). The face is wide and flat, with protruding and often fatty cheekbones; the eyelid opening often leans up and out, while the upper eyelid falls down to the waist, covering the tear duct (the so called mongolic fold). The nose, without being too broad, shows some widening in the nostrils, but is elongated and thin in its bone structure. Physique varies from the long-haired (Chinese, Indo-Chinese) to short-lived and bulky (Mongolians). Finally, a characteristic feature of the breed is the high percentage of individuals with a B blood type.

The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid or Europid) is a grouping of human beings historically regarded as a biological taxon, which, depending on which of the historical race classifications used, have usually included some or all of the ancient and modern populations of Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia, Central Asia and South Asia.

Georges Cuvier ((1769–1832), believed that Adam and Eve were Caucasians, and that this was the original race of humanity, while the other tribes were developed by survivors who dispersed in different directions after a massive catastrophe that struck the earth 5,000 years ago. He developed the theory that the survivors lived in complete isolation and thus evolved separately.

That is why, the opponents, say that is racist to separate human kind in three tribes

And the argument always has to do with Darwin’s “Evolution of Species”.

Jean Batist Lamarck suggested in the work of the Philosophie Zoologique of 1809, a theory of mutation of species. Lamarck did not believe that all living beings shared a common ancestor, but that simple forms of life were constantly generated by automatic birth. He also believed that an inherent force of life encouraged species to become more complex over time, progressing to a linear scale of complexity that was related to the great chain of existence. Lamarck recognized that the species was adapted to their environment. This explained by saying that it is the same intrinsic force that leads to increasing complexity, was the cause that changed the organs of an animal (or plant) according to their use or not, in the same way that the muscles are affected by the exercise. He claimed that these changes were inherited in the next generation, causing a slow adaptation to the environment. This mechanism of adaptation through the inheritance of the acquired features was known as Lamarism and was to influence the discussions about evolution up to today.

The three tribes theory, comes to confirm his research. Another area, where developmental biology has challenged some of the doctrines of modern evolutionary synthesis is the field of epigenetics, the study of the effect of environmental factors on the way in which genes are expressed in development. Since the first decade of the 21st century, it has been accepted that in some cases environmental factors can affect the expression of genes in subsequent generations, even if they have not been exposed to the same factors and there has been no genetic change. This suggests that in some cases non-genetic changes in an organism can be inherited and it has been assumed that such inheritance can help adapt to local conditions and affect development.

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