We may not need dark energy to explain why the universe APPEARS to be accelerating because the expansion rate of the universe is defined in terms of the passage of time.

This is because Einstein told us and it has been observed the rate at which time moves is slower is all environments where the gravitation density is greater than where it is being observed from. (please see graphic)   This means, the further we look back in time, where the gravitational density of the universe was greater the slower time would move and for events to occur from the perspective of the present than they actually did.  However, this also means that one must consider this Relativistic slowing of time when determining the expansion rate of the universe.   If we do not it would APPEAR to be slower than it actually was.

This means the conclusion the rate of expansion of the present universe is accelerating with respect to past may not be true because it may have always been greater than it is now.

We can use the observation that about 4 billion years ago the universe’s expansion change from decelerating to an accelerated phase to verify the above conclusion. This is because if one calculates the expansion rate of the universe based on the time dilation caused the differential gravitational density of the universe between now and 4 billion years ago and finds that it that it was greater than it is now it would shown that we have not entered a period where it has been accelerating.  Additionally the above conclusion would receive addition verification if the APPARENT change over rate from deceleration to accelerate occurred about 4 billion years ago.

Some may say that gravitational time dilation would not effect the timing of the expansion because it is  also expanding.   However, Einstein define the time dilation only in terms of the effects a differential gravitational potential has on it therefore an expanding universe will have not effect it.  Some may also say that because the universe is expanding the gravitational density is expanding and weakening at the same rate therefore when we look back the effects it will have on the timing of its expansion will cancel.   However, Einstein tells us the timing of events that cause the universe to expand in the past is locked along with the gravitation density of the universe at the time the expansion took place  Therefore, we must measure the the timing of the events that define the them from the perspective of the gravitational density when those events took place.

Copyright Jeffrey O’Callaghan 2020

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