FRANZ KAFKA (1883 –1924), ONE OF THE SIGNIFICANT AUSTRIAN (CZECH) JEWISH NOVELISTS AND SHORT STORY WRITERS OF THE 20TH-CENTURY MODERN WORLD LITERATURE.  “Logic may inde… Read More

WALTER SCOTT, IN FULL SIR WALTER SCOTT, 1ST BARONET (1771 –1832) WAS A LEADING SCOTTISH NOVELIST, POET, AND CRITIC. “For he that does good, having the unlimited power to do evil… Read More

HENRY JAMES, (1843 –1916), WAS A PROMINENT AMERICAN NOVELIST AND CRITIC.  “We work in the dark - we do what we can - we give what we have. Our doubt is our passion, and… Read More

GEORGE ELIOT, PSEUDONYM OF MARY ANN, OR MARIAN, CROSS, NÉE EVANS, (1819- 1880) WAS AN ENGLISH NOVELIST, WHO STANDS AMONGST THE FIRST-RANKED WRITERS OF THE 19TH CENTURY. “No ev… Read More

Definition A phoneme is the smallest unit of speech sound that distinguishes one word from another word in a particular language. Each phoneme represents the smallest contrastive sound… Read More

HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW (1807–1882) WAS A RENOWNED 19TH-CENTURY NOVELIST AND POET. “My soul is full of longing for the secret of the sea, and the heart of the great o… Read More

WALLACE STEVENS IS A 20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN POET. “The house was quiet and the world was calm.The reader became the book; and summer nightWas like the conscious being of the book… Read More

SOPHOCLES (C. 496 - C. 406 BCE), A PROMINENT ANCIENT GREEK TRAGEDIAN.“Do not believe that you alone can be right.The man who thinks that,The man who maintains that only he has the powe… Read More

WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS (1883-1963) A PROLIFIC AMERICAN POET AND PHYSICIAN OF THE 20TH CENTURY.“There is nothing sacred about literature, it is damned from one end to the other. There… Read More

William Carlos Williams, Pulitzer Prize-winning American physician, poet, short-story writer, novelist and essayist of the 20th-century modernist movement.ProfileFull Name: William Carlos Wi… Read More

E.E. Cummings, 20th-century American avant-garde poet, essayist, playwright, and painter.  ProfileFull Name: E. E. CummingsBirth Name: Edward Estlin CummingsAKA: Edward Estlin "E… Read More

Oscar Wilde was an illustrious 19th-century Irish playwright, poet, and novelist.ProfileBirth Name: Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills WildeAKA: Oscar WildeDate of Birth: October 16, 1854Place o… Read More

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an illustrious 19th century American novelist and poet.ProfileBirth Name: Henry Wadsworth LongfellowAKA: Henry LongfellowDate of Birth: February 27, 1807P… Read More

Wallace Stevens was a major American poet of the 20th Century and an important member of the modernist movement in poetry.ProfileBirth Name: Wallace StevensPseudonym: Peter ParasolDate… Read More

Benjamin Lee Whorf was a notable American linguist.ProfileBirth Name: Benjamin Lee WhorfAKA: Benjamin WhorfDate of Birth: April 24, 1897Place of Birth: Winthrop, Massachusetts, United States… Read More

Dell Hymes, an influential sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist.ProfileBirth Name: Dell Hathaway HymesAKA: Dell Hymes; Dell H. HymesDate of Birth: June 7, 1927Place of Birth: Portla… Read More

Michael Halliday is a British linguist and teacher.ProfileBirth Name: Michael Alexander Kirkwood HallidayAKA: M.A.K. HallidayDate of Birth: 13 April 1925Place of Birth: Leeds, Yorkshire, Eng… Read More

Richard Hudson is a British linguist and a retired professor.ProfileBirth Name: Richard Anthony HudsonAKA: Richard Anthony "Dick" Hudson; Richard (Dick) Hudson;  Dick Hudson; Richard Hu… Read More

Ronald Wardhaugh is a Canadian retired professor of linguistics. ProfileFull Name: Ronald WardhaughDate of Birth: 1932Place of Birth: CanadaNationality: CanadianEthnicity: WhiteKnown fo… Read More

Peter Roach (b.1943) is a British phonetician.ProfileBirth Name: Peter John RoachAKA: Peter RoachDate of Birth: June 30, 1943Birthplace: London, United KingdomZodiac Sign: CancerNationality:… Read More

A research proposal is put forwarded by a researcher to his supervisor/external examiner with a view to outline his proposed area of study. The basic goal of a research proposal is to justif… Read More

IntroductionThe manner in which a child acquires language is a matter long debated by linguists and child psychologists alike. During the twentieth century there has been a great deal of psy… Read More

Rod Ellis is a British professor and a well-known researcher of second language acquisition, language pedagogy and teacher education.ProfileBirth Name: Roderick James EllisDate of Birth: May… Read More

Jim Cummins is a renowned SLA educator and one of the world’s most important theorists on bilingual education and second language acquisition. Cummins is also a prolific writer who aut… Read More

Dramatic monologue is a lyric poem wherein a single character speaks, often in a specific situation, either directly to the reader or to a listener. Such poem is dramatic since it features t… Read More

A national language is a source or sign of identity for a nation or a country. National language gets its status because it is spoken by majority of the population as the first language. Apa… Read More

The code hero is associated with Earnest Hemingway’s novels. Professor Paul Totah maintains that Hemingway defined the code hero as “a man who lives correctly, following the idea… Read More

JEAN PIAGET (1896 –1980), A TWENTIETH CENTURY SWISS DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST.“Every response, whether it be an act directed towards the outside world or an act internalized as… Read More

Charles F. Hockett was an American linguist, anthropologist, and composer of the post-World War II era. Hockett was the last of the most influential advocates of the structural linguistics… Read More

Edward Sapir is a German-born American linguist, anthropologist, and essayist.ProfileBirth Name: Edward SapirDate of Birth: January 26, 1884Place of Birth: Lauenburg, Pomerania, GermanyDate… Read More

Leonard Bloomfield is a 20th century American linguist and professor of Germanic languages.ProfileBirth Name: Leonard BloomfieldDate of Birth: April 1, 1887Place of Birth: Chicago, Illinois… Read More

Eric Lenneberg (1921 –1975) was a 20th century linguist, neurologist, and educator.ProfileBirth Name: Eric Heinz LennebergDate of Birth: September 19, 1921Place of Birth: Düsseldo… Read More

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a 20th century Swiss biologist, philosopher, psychologist, and educator.ProfileBirth Name: Jean William PiagetAKA: Jean William Fritz PiagetDate of Birth: August… Read More

Stephen Krashen (b. 1941) is an American Linguist, educational researcher, political activist, and professor emeritus at the University of Southern California.ProfileBirth Name: Stephen Kras… Read More

Larry Selinker (1937) is an American linguist and the world’s most influential Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theorist.ProfileBirth Name: Larry SelinkerDate of Birth: September 19… Read More

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 –1913) was a Swiss linguist from the early 20th century who is deemed by many as the chief forerunner of the structural linguistics.ProfileBirth Name: Ferdi… Read More

STEVEN PINKER (B. 1954), A CANADIAN BORN AMERICAN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST, COGNITIVE SCIENTIST, AND LINGUIST.“Just as blueprints don't necessarily specify blue buildings, selfish gen… Read More

Steven Pinker (b. 1954) is a Canadian-American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist and popular science author.ProfileBirth Name: Steven Arthur PinkerDate of Birth: Septe… Read More

B. F. SKINNER (1904 –1990), A LEADING 20TH CENTURY AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST, PHILOSOPHER, INVENTOR AND POET."The real problem is not whether machines think but whether men do."~ B. F. Ski… Read More

B. F. Skinner (1904 –1990) was an American psychologist, philosopher, inventor and poet.ProfileBirth Name: Burrhus Frederic SkinnerNickname: FredDate of Birth: March 20, 1904Place of B… Read More

Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) is a well-known American linguist, philosopher, political commentator, and cognitive scientist.ProfileBirth Name: Avram Noam ChomskyDate of Birth: December 7, 1928Plac… Read More

VICTOR HUGO (1802 –1885) A WELL-REGARDED FRENCH POET, NOVELIST, AND DRAMATIST.“God manifests himself to us in the first degree through the life of the universe, and in the second… Read More

ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON (1850 –1894) WAS A PROMINENT SCOTTISH NOVELIST, ESSAYIST, AND POET WRITING TOWARDS THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY“Fifteen men on the dead man's chest &m&hell…Read More

In his groundbreaking work, Look Back in Anger (1956), John Osborne uses the bear and squirrel game scene to explore the ups and downs seen in any marriage. Despite its adolescent nature, th… Read More

CHARLOTTE BRONTË (1816—1855) WAS A FAMOUS ENGLISH WOMEN NOVELIST AND POET OF THE VICTORIAN ERA.“Life appears to me too short to be spent in nursing animosity or registering… Read More

ANTHONY BURGESS (1917- 1993) WAS ONE OF THE LEADING BRITISH ACADEMICS AND MOST VENERATED AND PROLIFIC LITERARY FIGURES OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.“Is it better for a man to have chosen e… Read More

MAXIM GORKY (1868-1936), A PROMINENT TWENTIETH CENTURY RUSSIAN WRITER.“The good qualities in our soul are most successfully and forcefully awakened by the power of art. Just as science… Read More

FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY (1821-1881) WAS A RUSSIAN NOVELIST, SHORT STORY WRITER, ESSAYIST, AND PHILOSOPHER.“Neither a person nor a nation can exist without some higher idea. And there is only… Read More

JACK LONDON (1876 - 1916), A PROMINENT AMERICAN NOVELIST AND JOURNALIST WHO IS BEST KNOWN FOR "CALL OF THE WILD” (1903) AND “THE SEA WOLF” (1904).“I would rather be a… Read More

NOAM CHOMSKY (B. 1928) IS AN EMINENT AMERICAN LINGUIST, PHILOSOPHER, AND POLITICAL WRITER. “The beauty of our system is that it isolates everybody. Each person is sitting alone in fron… Read More

ALEXANDER PUSHKIN, A RUSSIAN POET, NOVELIST, AND PLAYWRIGHT, WHO IS WIDELY REGARDED BY MANY AS THE GREATEST POET OF ALL TIME.“What grace could all your worldly power bringTo One whose… Read More

ANTON CHEKHOV (1860 –1904) WAS A PROMINENT RUSSIAN PLAYWRIGHT AND SHORT-STORY WRITER.If I were asked to chose between execution and life in prison I would, of course, chose the latter… Read More

LEO TOLSTOY (1828-1910), RUSSIAN NOVELIST AND MORAL PHILOSOPHER, STANDS AMONGST BEST WRITERS OF ALL TIME. “Error is the force that welds men together; truth is communicated to men… Read More

OSCAR WILDE (1854 –1900), AN IRISH ESSAYIST, NOVELIST, PLAYWRIGHT AND POET.One can survive everything nowadays except death. ~ Oscar Wilde, "Oscariana" (1907)“People who cou… Read More

MARK TWAIN (1835—1910), AN  AMERICAN HUMORIST, JOURNALIST, LECTURER, AND NOVELIST WHO IS NOTED FOR HIS ADVENTURE STORIES : THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER (1876) AND ADVENTURES OF HU… Read More

HAROLD PINTER (1930 –2008) WAS AN INFLUENTIAL MODERN ENGLISH PLAYWRIGHT AND THE 2005 NOBEL LAUREATE FOR LITERATURE. “One way of looking at speech is to say that it is a cons… Read More

Kingsley Amis, an English Novelist, Poet, Critic, and Teacher.ProfileBirth Name: Kingsley William AmisAKA: Sir Kingsley William AmisDate of Birth: April 16, 1922Place of Birth: Clapham, Lond… Read More

The DilemmaOne of the most intricate theoretical issues in linguistics is how to make the distinction between language and dialect. Languages differ from each other in a myriad of ways, some… Read More

James Joyce, a 20th century influential Irish writer. ProfileBirth Name: James Augustine Aloysius JoyceDate of Birth: February 2, 1882Place of Birth: 44 Brighton Square, Terenure, Dubli… Read More

TED HUGHES, A 20TH CENTURY ENGLISH WRITER OF POETRY, NON-FICTION AND CHILDREN'S BOOKS.“You were overloaded. I said nothing.I said nothing. The stone man made soup.The burning woman dra… Read More

George Bernard Shaw was an Anglo-Irish playwright, literary critic, and novelist.ProfileBirth Name: George Bernard ShawAKA: Bernard ShawDate of Birth: July 26, 1856Place of Birth: Portobello… Read More

The Pseudo-classical poet Alexander Pope has been widely hailed as the unchallengeable master of the heroi-comical poetry. This very reputation stems heavily from his brilliant and playful i… Read More

GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, VICTORIAN POET, WHOSE POETRY REVOLVES AROUND RELIGION, NATURE, AND MELANCHOLY.“The best ideal is the trueAnd other truth is none.All glory be ascribed toThe holy… Read More

Rudyard Kipling was an English poet, novelist and story writer of the late Victorian period.ProfileBirth Name: Joseph Rudyard KiplingDate of Birth: December 30, 1865Place of Birth: Bombay, B… Read More

George Gordon Byron, (1788 –1824), was a major English poet and one of the influential representatives of the Romantic Movement.“She walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudless c… Read More

Modernism is a movement in literature that lasted from roughly the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. The era marked landmark progress in science and technology, indu… Read More

EMILY JANE BRONTË WAS AN ENGLISH NOVELIST AND POET WHOSE REPUTATION CHIEFLY RESTS UPON HER ONLY NOVEL, WUTHERING HEIGHTS.“Proud people breed sad sorrows for themselves.  But… Read More

D.H. LAWRENCE (1885-1930) WAS AN INFLUENTIAL ENGLISH NOVELIST, ESSAYIST, POET, AND CRITIC OF THE 20TH CENTURY.“Obscenity only comes in when the mind despises and fears the body, and th… Read More

KINGSLEY AMIS (1922-1995), AN ENGLISH NOVELIST, POET, CRITIC, AND TEACHER.“A man's sexual aim, he had often said to himself, is to convert a creature who is cool, dry, calm, articulate… Read More

PHILIP LARKIN (1922–1985) WAS A RENOWNED POET AND NOVELIST IN POSTWAR ENGLAND.“So many things I had thought forgotten Return to my mind with stranger pain:- Like letters tha… Read More

ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING (1806-1861) IS ONE OF THE MOST CELEBRATED ENGLISH POETS OF THE VICTORIAN ERA.“How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth… Read More

HERMAN MELVILLE, A 19TH CENTURY AMERICAN NOVELIST, POET AND WRITER OF SHORT STORY, WHO IS REMEMBERED MOSTLY FOR HIS NOVEL MOBY-DICK.“Our souls are like those orphans whose unwedded mot… Read More

O. HENRY, THE PSEUDONYM OF WILLIAM SYDNEY PORTER (1862 –1910), WAS A PROMINENT AMERICAN SHORT STORY WRITER, BEST KNOWN FOR HIS IRONIC PLOT TWISTS AND SURPRISE ENDINGS.“To a woman… Read More

WILLIAM BLAKE (1757-1827), ENGLISH ENGRAVER, ARTIST, MYSTIC AND A SEMINAL POETIC FIGURE OF THE 19TH CENTURY ROMANTIC MOVEMENT.“Tyger! Tyger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,W… Read More

JOHN KEATS (1795-1821) WAS A MAJOR ENGLISH POET OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD.“Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is allYe know on earth, and all ye need to know”~ John Keats, Od… Read More

JANE AUSTEN (1775-1817) IS A LEADING 19TH CENTURY ENGLISH NOVELIST.“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife… Read More

ROBERT HERRICK (1591–1674) WAS A 17TH-CENTURY ENGLISH CAVALIER POET, WHOSE WORK IS NOTED FOR ITS DIVERSITY OF FORM AND FOR ITS STYLE, MELODY, AND FEELING.“Here we are all, by day… Read More

ROBERT BROWNING (1812 –1889) WAS A POET AND PLAYWRIGHT OF THE VICTORIAN ERA. TODAY HE IS WIDELY RECOGNIZED AS A MASTER OF DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE. “How good is man’s life… Read More

EZRA POUND (1885-1972) WAS AMERICAN POET AND CRITIC AND ONE OF THE SEMINAL FORCES OF MODERNISM. “The man of understanding can no more sit quiet and resigned while his country lets lite… Read More

WILLIAM FAULKNER (1897-1962) WAS A NOBEL PRIZE WINNING AMERICAN WRITER WHOSE WORKS ARE GREATLY ADMIRED FOR THEIR PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL DEPTH. FAULKNER WAS ALSO ONE OF THE STRONGEST EXP… Read More

JAMES JOYCE (1882 –1941) WAS AN IRISH MODERNIST WRITER WHO IS NOTED FOR HIS EXPERIMENTS WITH THE STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS TECHNIQUE. “A man of genius makes no mistakes. His errors… Read More

The 19th century plays mostly centered on the idealistic aspects of life, frequently recounting the incredible deeds and exploits of the heroes. However, during the latter half of the very c… Read More

Andrew Marvell (1621–1678) is a strong embodiment of the transitions that came over the English society in the course of the 17th century. Marvell is deemed by many as one of the great… Read More

The Eighteen century English novelist Daniel Defoe (c. 1660–1731) was part of a Protestant culture that was vigorously intellectual and energetically literary. Separated from the life… Read More

DANIEL DEFOE (1660?-1731) AN ENGLISH NOVELIST AND JOURNALIST, WHO IS WIDELY REMEMBERED FOR ROBINSON CRUSOE (1719) AND MOLL FLANDERS (1722). BESIDES BEING A BRILLIANT JOURNALIST, NOVELIST, AN… Read More

ALFRED TENNYSON (1809-1892), AN ENGLISH POET OFTEN DEEMED TO BE THE CHIEF REPRESENTATIVE OF THE VICTORIAN AGE IN POETRY. “It little profits that an idle king,By this still hearth… Read More

Katherine MansfieldKatherine Mansfield, a New Zealand short story writer, who is regarded as a key figure in British modernism for developing modern short story.ProfileBirth Name: Kathleen M… Read More

JONATHAN SWIFT (1667–1745), AN ANGLO-IRISH SATIRIST AND POLITICAL PAMPHLETEER. “Satire is a sort of glass wherein beholders do generally discover everybody’s face but their… Read More

E. M. FORSTER (1879-1970), ENGLISH NOVELIST AND ESSAYIST, WHOSE NOVELS EXPLORE THE ATTITUDES THAT CREATE BARRIERS BETWEEN PEOPLE.“People have their own deaths as well as their own live… Read More

The formulaic tragedies are essentially tagged with the classical Greek plays of Aeschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles. These plays exerted an enduring influence on the subsequent tragic plays… Read More

ANITA DESAI (B. 1937), AN INDIAN NOVELIST AND SHORT STORY WRITER, ESPECIALLY NOTED FOR HER SENSITIVE PORTRAYAL OF THE INNER LIFE OF HER FEMALE CHARACTERS.“Isn't it strange how life won… Read More

JOHN MILLINGTON SYNGE (1871-1909), IRISH PLAYWRIGHT, POET, PROSE WRITER, TRAVEL WRITER AND COLLECTOR OF FOLKLORE. “The absence of the heavy boot of Europe has preserved to these p… Read More

JOSEPH CONRAD (1857-1924), POLISH-BORN ENGLISH AUTHOR AND MASTER MARINER WHO IS BEST NOTED FOR HEART OF DARKNESS (1902)“The belief in a supernatural source of evil is not necessary; me… Read More

KATHERINE MANSFIELD (1888 –1923), THE PSEUDONYM OF KATHLEEN MANSFIELD MURRY, WHO WAS A MAJOR NEW ZEALAND MODERNIST WRITER OF SHORT STORY.“Risk! Risk anything! Care no more for th… Read More

ADRIENNE RICH (1929 –2012), AN AMERICAN POET AND ESSAYIST, BEST KNOWN FOR HER EXAMINATION OF THE EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY. “Those who speak largely of the human condi… Read More

What is Research Paper?Research is the methodical investigation into a subject in order to discover facts, to establish or revise a theory, or to develop a plan of action based on the facts… Read More

Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), Norwegian playwright, a major force behind the rise of modern realistic drama.“Our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll-wife, just as a… Read More

“The reasonable man adapts himself to the world: the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.”~… Read More

WILLIAM GOLDING, AN INFLUENTIAL 20TH CENTURY ENGLISH POET, NOVELIST AND PLAYWRIGHT.“I believe man suffers from an appalling ignorance of his own nature. I produce my own view in the be… Read More

JOHN OSBORNE (1929 –1994) WAS AN ENGLISH PLAYWRIGHT, SCREENWRITER AND ACTOR, NOTED FOR REVITALIZING THE POSTWAR BRITISH THEATRE WITH HIS PLAY “LOOK BACK IN ANGER”.“If… Read More