2024-02-14 06:10
Btrfs, which stands for "Butter FS" or "B-tree FS," is a modern Linux file system. It was developed to overcome the limitations of older file systems like ext4 or ext3. Btrfs is an excellen… Read More
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Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, And Ideas In Blog
2024-02-13 09:38
GnuPG2 (or GPG2) is an open-source and free tool that implements the OpenPGP standard. Its primary purpose is to encrypt your sensitive information to protect it from unauthorized access. I… Read More
2023-12-24 09:18
Sometimes, when you try to install specific Debian Linux packages, you might encounter an error message that reads:Unable to locate package pkg-name-here
In many cases, the required package… Read More
2023-11-17 10:31
{Updated} Are you getting, ' WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE!' when try to use the ssh command under Linux, macOS or BSD? Let us see how I fixed this problem and log in using the ssh c… Read More
2023-10-25 10:52
The Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) needs to be configured to allow traffic on UDP ports 67 and 68, regardless of whether the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is local or remo… Read More
2023-10-24 20:31
I recently had to submit multiple PDF files for government work, but the web form only allowed for the uploading of a single file. This meant that I had to merge the PDF files into one on L… Read More
2023-10-23 11:03
If you’re using RHEL, CentOS, Rocky, Fedora, or Alma Linux, you may encounter situations where you must list files in a package before installing it. Similarly, there might be instance… Read More
2023-10-22 16:25
I am migrating an old Perl project from an unsupported OS to Fedora Linux 38. However, I discovered that Perl is not installed by default, while Python 3 is. This seems ridiculous. Anyway… Read More
2023-10-08 20:01
When you try to use the xclip command over the ssh-based session to copy and paste data, you will get the following message on screen:Error: Can't open display: (null)
Here is how to fix th… Read More
2023-09-29 20:40
Are you a content creator or a blog author who generates unique, high-quality content for a living? Have you noticed that generative AI platforms like OpenAI or CCBot use your content to tra… Read More
2023-09-28 22:07
{Updated} Here is a Linux, Unix, *BSD and macOS command to search the entire system for files with no group or user.The post Find files that do not have any owners or do not belong to any us… Read More
2023-09-14 20:19
Wget is a command-line tool to download files from the Internet or local servers. It is not a graphical user interface (GUI) program, and it must be used by typing commands into a terminal… Read More
2023-08-28 01:36
Learn how to install Vim, the most popular text editor for server-based environments, on Alpine Linux using the command "apk add vim" command and Docker or LXD (Linux container) image.
Love… Read More
2023-08-18 18:31
{Updated} Need to find all USB devices connected to your Linux laptop or computer? Simply use the lsusb command (LIST USB) and other CLI and GUI tools in Linux.The post How do I list all USB… Read More
2023-08-16 04:34
You can use the reboot or shutdown -r now to reboot the Linux system. However, this doesn't scale well if you have many Alpine Linux servers (or clusters based upon Alpine Linux) and need t… Read More
2023-08-10 18:33
{Updated} Learn how to update macOS using the command line and many Mac machines using ssh.The post How To Update macOS Using Command Line Software Update Tool appeared first on nixCraft Read More
2023-08-08 00:10
A long time ago, I wrote a script or config file that included BASE64 encoded string like "Le_PreHook='__ACME_BASE64__START_L3Jvb3QvYmluL2xlL2N5YmVyY2l0aS5iaXovcHJlX2JlZm9yZV9vYnRhaW5pbmdfY… Read More
2023-08-05 06:54
I have a valuable tip for you on extracting the filename and extension in Bash when using Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, or Unix-like systems. It's quick and easy to follow.
Love this? sudo share_o… Read More
2023-08-03 07:36
{Updated} How do I append additional text a variable? For e.g., I've a vech set as follows: vech='London', I would like to add (append) 'Bus' word to '$vevh' under UNIX or Linux shell script… Read More
2023-08-02 04:37
Are you interested in checking the changelog of a package on Debian or Ubuntu and Linux Mint? You may need to search to see if the particular CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) is f… Read More
2023-07-31 08:57
There are a few ways to check your Laptop's battery health in Linux. Here are a few methods that use the upower and acpi commands to check your Laptop's battery health in Linux, such as bat… Read More
2023-07-29 02:20
{Updated} There are many ways to show btrfs, zfs, and ext4/3 disk info in Linux and Unix. Here are a few of the most common commands for developers and sysadmins to find out their hard disk… Read More
2023-07-27 17:56
If you need to execute a shell script or command following the mounting of a particular file system in Linux using systemd, you can do so. For instance, you can run a backup task when a USB… Read More
2023-07-27 11:36
{Updated} NFS (Network File System) client allows you to access the shared directory from the Linux client. The computer sharing the directory is called the NFS server (it can be a NAS serve… Read More
2023-07-25 02:29
Am I using X11 (Xorg) or Wayland? Here is how to check for Wayland or Xorg (X11) Linux desktops using the CLI and GUI options.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - What… Read More
2023-07-23 15:43
Let us see how to check for ssh connectivity in a shell script running under macOS, FreeBSD, or Linux/Unix desktop using BatchMode=yes and ConnectTimeout=$VALUE options. This simple trick h… Read More
2023-07-23 09:30
Debian Linux project announces the first update of the Debian project's stable distribution, Debian 12 (codename "bookworm") named Debian 12.1. This update mainly addresses security issues a… Read More
2023-07-22 14:01
Red Hat launched the Ansible Lightspeed Code Assistant Generative AI with IBM Watson Code Assistant in May 2023. This preview is now available to all Ansible users, allowing them to explore… Read More
2023-07-19 16:18
If you're using Debian 12, you can easily manage your firewall with the help of Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW). UFW interface simplifies firewall management and handles the complexities of p… Read More
2023-07-18 04:15
{Updated} Do you need to open a TCP port 43 for outgoing whois command for communication using iptables command/ufw command/Firewalld? Fear not. You can add a rule to allow incoming or outgo… Read More
2023-07-14 05:37
Sometimes we must kill a process or user account by tty name in Linux. It would be best if you used w command or who command to print users accessing tty and then run the pkill command agai… Read More
2023-07-01 22:16
Here is a quick tutorial on installing ZFS support in Debian Linux 12 "Bookworm" using "apt" or "apt-get" command-line option.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Wha… Read More
2023-06-26 23:14
Do you need to view the open file limit for a Linux process? Try "limits" files in /proc/${PID} directory with its process ID (PID) or ulimit command or prlimit command to see the open file… Read More
2023-06-25 13:34
You need to restart the network service in Alpine Linux using "/etc/init.d/networking restart" command to activate the network configuration defined in the /etc/network/interfaces config fi… Read More
2023-06-19 21:39
When I try to compile a program on Alpine Linux, it fails with the following error:
app.c:1:10: fatal error: ncurses.h: No such file or directory
1 | #include
| ^~~~~~~~… Read More
2023-06-10 14:47
Debian Linux 12 "Bookworm" has been released. The new version offers updated packages and five years of support. This page provides a step-by-step guide to updating Debian 11 Bullseye to De… Read More
2023-06-08 20:36
The latest version of OpenSUSE Linux, version 15.5 "Leap," has been released. This version offers unparalleled stability due to its use of the SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLE) source and communi… Read More
2023-05-04 06:33
While working on the bash shell script wrapper, I needed to ensure that I only passed an integer in the Bash script under Linux and Unix-like systems. Here is how to check if a number is an… Read More
2023-04-12 01:55
The FreeBSD Release Engineering Team is announcing the availability of FreeBSD version 13.2-RELEASE on 11/April/2023. It is the third release of the stable/13 branches. I updated my FreeBSD… Read More
2023-04-10 19:04
Do you want to copy a symbolic (soft) link instead of a file using the cp command under Linux? Try passing the -a (--archive) to copy and preserve all soft (symbolic) links. The cp command… Read More
2023-04-08 04:32
To find or check the NVIDIA driver version on Linux to troubleshoot GPU and graphics card issue, check the /sys/module/nvidia/version and /proc/driver/nvidia/version files. Apart from that… Read More
2023-04-04 09:58
{Updated} agedu scans a directory tree and produces reports about how much disk space is used in each directory and subdirectory, and also how that usage of disk space corresponds to files w… Read More
2023-04-04 08:43
nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here and support independent content creators.
Debian 11 is an excellent server OS to run the LAMP stack. PHP (Hypertext Preprocesso… Read More
2023-03-30 16:47
nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here and support independent content creators.
You can install LXD pure-container hypervisor on Debian 11 Linux to run an unmodified… Read More
2023-03-29 18:39
Arch Linux uses pacman command to add or remove packages. It is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on Arch. So when you uninstall or remove packages, some dependenc… Read More
2023-03-29 08:51
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post nvtop – Awesome Linux task monitor for NVIDIA, AMD & Intel GPUs appeared first on nixCraft Read More
2023-03-28 19:35
Do you want to refresh and reload the group membership on Linux without rebooting the Linux machine or logging in again? Try the newgrp command to log in to a new group without logging in a… Read More
2023-03-28 18:52
{Updated} Sometimes you need to verify that certain features are supported on your OpenSSH server and client. For example, not all versions of OpenSSH (SSHD server) and ssh client will suppo… Read More
2023-03-22 20:59
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS comes with LXD pure-container hypervisor to run an unmodified version of Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, Alpine, Arch and many other Linux distro. You can mimic AWS or diff… Read More
2023-03-22 20:55
{Updated} How do I can set IFS (internal field separator) while using read command in bash loops?The post Bash/KSH: Define Delimiter (IFS) While Using read Command appeared first on nixCraft… Read More
2023-03-11 21:59
IP aliasing is nothing but associating more than one IP address to a network interface such as eth0. For example, using the following methods, you can add an IP alias on Amazon Linux 2.
Lov… Read More
2023-02-15 04:39
Let us see how to configure the Let's Encrypt email notification when a TLS/SSL cert is skipped, renewed, or an error is created by "acme.sh" client so developers or sysadmin can investigat… Read More
2023-02-03 10:35
{Updated} Are you getting the message: The following security updates require Ubuntu Pro with esm-apps enabled. Here is how to fix it to get updates on your Ubuntu Linux VM/Server or desktop… Read More
2023-02-02 19:22
nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here.
ChatGPT (short for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a chatbot by OpenAI. It provides answers to your queries using l… Read More
2023-01-20 21:54
In this quick tutorial, you will configure a user to use key-based authentication for SSH under a macOS desktop.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit… Read More
2023-01-04 07:40
Git is a distributed version control system. To install git, type apk add git command on Alpine Linux.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post H… Read More
2022-12-20 07:12
Here is a quick tip that explains how to add a Mastodon verification link for the Discourse forum.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How t… Read More
2022-12-05 20:18
In this quick Linux tip, I will explain how to convert a VIDEO file such as .mp4 into a gif file using the ffmpeg -i input.mp4 output.gif command syntax under Linux and Unix-like operating… Read More
2022-11-15 17:39
Are you running out of disk space on your Debian or Ubuntu Linux? Do you want to know which installed Debian or Ubuntu packages occupy the most disk space? There are many ways to find out t… Read More
2022-10-21 18:30
I have a tutorial that explains the basics of the SSH client configuration file and some of the most common configuration options for Linux and Unix developers or sysadmin. In this quick ti… Read More
2022-10-08 05:18
FreeBSD default comes with a drill command to see information about DNS. The userspace tools for FreeBSD come from the latest version of the BIND-TOOLs package. It includes delv, dig, host… Read More
2022-09-19 18:06
{Updated} In this tip, I will explain how we can iterate over a list of files with blank or white spaces in their names. This is a common problem in bash, where space is usually interpreted… Read More
2022-09-17 09:49
Do you want to know which version of Raspberry Pi OS is running on your hardware? Here is how to find the Raspberry Pi OS version including hardware details such as CPU, RAM and model using… Read More
2022-09-13 11:57
{Updated} The pydf command displays the amount of used and available space on your file systems, just like df command, but in colors. The output format is completely customizable.The post py… Read More
2022-09-13 11:52
{Updated} As a Unix sysadmin, sometimes I notice that df and du output are different from each other. So what to do when df and du report different usage? My older troubleshooting blog post… Read More
2022-09-13 06:52
Right now, the most advanced OpenSUSE version is 15.4. It is an opportunity for desktop and server users running the previous 15.3 release to update to the latest software stack. The proced… Read More
2022-09-11 10:21
{Updated} All HTTP error codes starting with 4xx are generated because of client browser requests. A 403 error code means the client browser (or the person trying to access your site) cannot… Read More
2022-08-26 02:03
A Ubuntu 22.04 LTS comes with UFW (uncomplicated firewall) that protects the desktop or server against unauthorized access. UFW is easy to use frontend app for a Linux packet filtering syst… Read More
2022-08-25 09:27
So like many solo developers, I am tight on resources, especially money-wise. I have two AWS EC2 VMs running as WireGuard VPN on Amazon Linux for personal usage, and another one is my dev m… Read More
2022-08-23 09:35
Sometimes you need to use the ls command on your Linux or Unix machine and match the pattern, interpreting upper- and lowercase letters as the same. In other words, I tell ls to find and li… Read More
2022-08-03 10:28
The iptables and ip6tables commands are used to set up a Linux firewall. However, many new Linux sysadmins and users find it challenging to use iptables. Hence, the ufw program is for manag… Read More
2022-08-01 17:13
As you may know, email spoofing allows attackers to pose as someone else to gain illegal profit. For example, I only use [email protected] for communication, but someone might create a… Read More
2022-08-01 06:16
While looking into the nginx PHP error log file fixing unrelated issues, I noticed I was spammed with the following message:
[28-Jul-2022 10:27:13 UTC] PHP Warning: Constant ABSPATH alrea… Read More
2022-07-22 13:15
Today I will talk about a common problem faced by many Linux or Unix sysadmins and developers. Typically modern apps and security devices heavily depend upon APIs and lists that feed data i… Read More
2022-07-11 15:56
usbgurd
You deployed a perfect firewall and other network security policies preventing unauthorized access to the user's desktop computer over a network. However, you still need to block U… Read More
2022-06-09 16:31
{Updated} Want to do a reverse DNS (rDNS) Lookup in Linux, macOS, *BSD or Unix/WSL/Windows to find scammers/phishers/spammer using a forward confirm. Try these tips.The post How To Test or C… Read More
2022-06-09 14:31
Today, I will share one helpful tip that allows FreeBSD developers and sysadmin to make a backup list of installed all FreeBSD packages and then restore it. Hence, this is useful for disast… Read More
2022-05-24 17:48
WireGuard is an open-source, free, modern, and fast VPN with state-of-the-art cryptography. It is like OpenSSH in simplicity and uses private and public keys. Hence, it is more straightforw… Read More
2022-05-23 12:03
{Updated} Forgot to edit Linux or Unix/macOS file as sudo user? Want to overwrite without quitting vim on Linux/Unix? Try vim cmd trick and save time.The post How To Save A File In Vim / Vi… Read More
2022-05-23 11:48
Do you want to set or update the AWS EC2 or Lightsail hostname without a reboot when using Amazon Linux 2? Here is how to set or change the hostname on Amazon Linux 2 distribution using the… Read More
2022-05-13 20:02
{Updated} The host command is an easy to use command-line utility for performing DNS lookups under Linux, macOS, BSD and Unix-like systems. We can use it to find or convert DNS names to IP a… Read More
2022-05-13 19:27
Sometimes I need a specific Ansible module from ansible-galaxy to carry out a particular type of automation. But I don't know if it is already installed or not or bundled with Ansible when I… Read More
2022-05-10 07:21
{nixCraft Patreon supporters content}MySQL version 8.0 is a free and open-source database system used by most web applications and sites on the Internet. Typically MySQL is part of the LAMP… Read More
2022-05-06 12:05
Let us see how to fix the "bash: add-apt-repository: command not found" error on an Ubuntu/Debian Linux system when you run the add-apt-repository command.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter… Read More
2022-05-05 20:56
{Updated} Sometimes you need to create a temporary file in your shell script. There are various methods exist to create a random temporary file name. If your application/shell scripting need… Read More
2022-05-05 20:23
I am a new Ubuntu Linux 22.04 LTS server user. How do I set up an OpenVPN Server on Ubuntu Linux version 22.04 server to shield my browsing activity from bad guys on public Wi-Fi, set prote… Read More
2022-05-04 20:31
{Updated} Did you know? Many Linux system services and login under Linux or Unix OS consult /etc/shells file. It contains a list of login shells on the system. Applications use this file to… Read More
2022-05-04 20:26
{Updated} How to make disk image with dd on a Linux or Unix for backup and restore purposesThe post How to make disk image with dd on Linux or Unix appeared first on nixCraft Read More
2022-05-04 19:52
Like every other solo developer and sysadmin, I do stuff using ssh. Some stuff is automated using scripts, and others require ssh login. For example, one of my scripts logs into my Linux and… Read More
2022-04-17 20:17
{Updated} Many folks still have older DVDs and trouble playing them on Debian/Ubuntu Linux, and it is still tricky in the age of streaming due to DRM. So I revised the older page from 2007 t… Read More
2022-04-17 20:12
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS ("Jammy Jellyfish") will release next week. This tutorial explains how to safely upgrade from Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) to Ubuntu 22.04 LTS using the command-line and… Read More
2022-04-09 08:35
This quick tutorial explains how to download and install the latest GIMP application on Ubuntu or Debian Linux and friend using the CLI.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - Linke… Read More
2022-04-08 18:16
{Updated} How do I find out what filesystems my Linux kernel supports using the command line option?The post How to find out what filesystems Linux kernel supports appeared first on nixCraft… Read More
2022-04-08 09:45
So while working on some custom code for this website, I noticed broken functionality. Initially, I thought Cloudflare blocked the origin server IP address. So I looked into the Cloudflare… Read More
2022-04-08 09:44
Linux comes with three commands for developers, sysadmins and users to set up a hierarchy of applications, typically displayed as a menu. In other words, these commands allow third-party sof… Read More
2022-04-04 13:56
I am a new Debian Linux 11 server user. How do I set up an OpenVPN Server on Debian Linux version 11 server to shield my browsing activity from bad guys on public Wi-Fi, and more?
Love this… Read More
2022-03-22 20:19
The AWS CLI is an essential tool for developers and sysadmin to automate and interact with AWS cloud services. It is an open-source tool built on the AWS SDL for Python. As a result, you no… Read More
2022-03-22 03:38
Chromium is a free and open-source web browser project designed and maintained by Google. Google Chrome browser uses Chromium codebase and other proprietary components for additional featur… Read More
2022-03-14 09:39
When you use the apt command to update the Raspberry Pi OS, no notification indicates whether you need to reboot the Raspberry Pi 3 or 4 for Linux kernel updates. So say you have a lab of… Read More
2022-03-12 14:31
So I have this specific use case where I get data in a comma-separated values (CSV) file. I pick up the company name, address, telephone, email, and some other data from that file. Once dat… Read More
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